欧美极品

欧美极品 — Red tides caused by Karenia brevis (K. brevis) in the Gulf of Mexico can have a devastating effect on coastal communities, where severe blooms can cause millions of dollars in tourism losses and send people with chronic respiratory diseases to their local emergency rooms.

Now, a three-year $1.1 million grant from NASA is helping several organizations fine-tune current red tide forecasts with the goal of offering public health managers, coastal residents and visitors a forecast that better reflects coastal conditions on more localized scales. Improved models and forecasts for red tide conditions will help people make healthy choices about where to spend recreation time, increasing protections for public health and coastal economies.

Currently, there are several reporting systems to alert the public about red tides in the Gulf of Mexico, and each has its own limitations.

鈥� Florida鈥檚 Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission鈥檚 Research Institute (FWRI) provides on red tide based on cell counts from water samples but they can take several days to complete, delaying updates for the public. 鈥� Mote Marine Laboratory鈥檚 daily Beach Conditions Reporting System () provides subjective information about beach conditions and is not available for every beach. 鈥� Texas Red Tide Rangers citizen science volunteers who gather and test water samples operate only during blooms and do not cover the entire coast. 鈥� The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration鈥檚 (NOAA) (HAB-OFS) issues red tide advisories, via bulletin, website and Beach Hazards Statements (issued through the National Weather Service). However, these reports typically cover county-wide geographic areas and are often not precise down to specific beaches.

鈥淥ur forecast abilities have come a long way since the early 2000s,鈥� said Dr. Richard Stumpf, Oceanographer with the NOAA National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science and lead investigator on the project. 鈥淲hen we initially created our forecast models, our goal was to help aquaculture officials know when to close shellfish harvesting areas to protect the public from neurotoxic shellfish poisoning, which is caused by eating seafood containing red tide toxins. But later research showed that the airborne toxins are not only a nuisance, but also a human health risk. So we knew we needed to protect the public from that risk as well. Today, our forecasts provide information about where red tides are and where they鈥檙e going on a county level. But red tide blooms are patchy and the effects can vary greatly from beach to beach 鈥� even when the beaches are right next door to each other. By bringing in new technology, this project will get us much closer to the goal of a forecast for every beach, every day.鈥�

Key to improving the forecast is the development of a smartphone application (app) by Robert Currier, Research Specialist and Product Developer for the Gulf of Mexico Coastal Ocean Observing System (GCOOS). The app will allow trained beach observers with special low-cost smart-phone microscopes to collect videos of water samples that can be uploaded to a cloud-based server for automated evaluation. This system will then provide a real-time response on the presence or absence of K. brevis, along with information about whether the quantities are enough to warrant a health concern.

Results and improved forecasts will be available to government and research institutions focused on public health and natural resources, with the ultimate goal of enhancing public information through NOAA鈥檚 HAB-OFS and Mote鈥檚 Beach Conditions Reporting System.

鈥淲ith this new app, we can improve red tide forecasting from an 18-to-30-mile coverage area down to the beach level,鈥� said GCOOS Executive Director, Dr. Barbara Kirkpatrick, who developed the Beach Conditions Reporting System when she was Manager of Mote Marine Laboratory鈥檚 Environmental Health Program. 鈥淭he forecasts will also be based on cell counts rather than subjective observations and provided in real-time, instead of the hours-to-days-long approach some of our forecasts are limited by now.鈥�

Dr. Tracy Fanara, Manager of Mote鈥檚 Environmental Health Program, has been testing instrument performance and the user app for the project, working with the established network of Beach Conditions Reporting System contributors and volunteers. 鈥淭his new tool exemplifies how we can transform our monitoring and forecasting of red tide using inexpensive, widely available technology. With new technologies and strong partnerships to implement them, this is an inspiring time in our field.鈥�

In addition to collecting the information on the presence of K. brevis, the server will also collect the data that users upload and house it in the GCOOS data portal, which provides real-time and near-real-time information on a variety of environmental conditions in the Gulf. That will help forecasters provide a more precise picture of red tide movements in coastal areas over time and improve overall forecast models. 鈥淢ore data, over longer periods, means that we will be gaining a more precise picture of how red tides move in the Gulf of Mexico,鈥� Stumpf said. 鈥淚n addition to providing better forecasts right now, we can also improve the accuracy of our forecast models.鈥�

Andrew Reich, Florida Department of Health鈥檚 Public Health Toxicology Administrator, said the new tool will help improve lives in red-tide affected areas, 鈥淎s studies have shown the potential negative effects of airborne red tide toxins on public health, we鈥檝e needed an effective and accurate tool to help us provide real-time information to the public. This new tool, along with better satellite models and programs to increase public awareness, should really help improve lives for coastal residents and visitors and lessen impacts on coastal communities and their economies.鈥�

The code for the app is being written in Python and uses the OpenCV computer vision library 鈥� these are open-source software platforms, GCOOS鈥檚 Currier said. 鈥淏y using open-source code, we hope that others will be able to take the tool that we鈥檙e developing to detect Karenia brevis blooms in the Gulf and use it to develop similar applications that look for other types of harmful algae, potentially protecting public health from other HABs in the Gulf and even in other regions of the country.鈥�